![]() “ Largest Bankruptcies in the United States as of June 2019, by Assets at Time of Bankruptcy.” “ Blind Faith: How Deregulation and Enron’s Influence Over Government Looted Billions from Americans,”. “ Sherron Watkins: Corporate Whistleblower.” “ Jeffrey Skilling, Former Enron Chief, Released After 12 Years in Prison.”ĮSRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, via CORE. “ Former Enron CEO Jeffrey Skilling Resentenced to 168 Months for Fraud, Conspiracy Charges.” “ Federal Jury Convicts Former Enron Chief Executives Ken Lay, Jeff Skilling on Fraud, Conspiracy and Related Charges.” “ SEC Statement Regarding Andersen Case Conviction.”Ĭornell Law School, Legal Information Institute. " Inside this insider trading loophole: What shareholders need to know."Įnron Creditors Recovery Corp., via Internet Archive. " The Rise and Fall of Enron: A Tale of Corporate Greed and Corruption that Collapsed an Empire." Fastow, Former Enron Chief Financial Officer, Pleads Guilty, Settles Civil Fraud Charges and Agrees to Cooperate with Ongoing Investigation.” Securities and Exchange Commission Roundtable on Hedge Funds: Panel Discussion: “Hedge Fund Strategies and Market Participation”.” “ Long-Term Capital Management: Regulators Need to Focus Greater Attention on Systemic Risk.” “ Enron and the Use and Abuse of Special Purpose Entities in Corporate Structures.” “ Former Enron Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Commit Securities and Wire Fraud, Agrees to Cooperate with Enron Investigation.”ĭuke Law Scholarship Repository, via University of Cincinnati Law Review. “ Two Enron Executives Charged with Fraud, Conspiracy and False Statements.” ![]() “ CFTC Charges Enron with Price Manipulation and Other Illegal Acts.” “ Financial Oversight of Enron: The SEC and Private-Sector Watchdogs,” ( of PDF).įederal Reserve Bank of St. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs. Louis, FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data). “ Enron Corporation.”įederal Reserve Bank of St. " Enron Creditors Get 53 Percent Payout, Aided by Lawsuit Accords."īusiness Standard. “ Report of Investigation of Enron Corporation and Related Entities Regarding Federal Tax and Compensation Issues, and Policy Recommendations,” Pages 77 and 84 (Pages 99 and 106 of PDF). Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation, via Internet Archive. Enron’s new, unregulated power auction led to revenues at its Wholesale Services business quadrupling to $48.4 billion in the first quarter (Q1) of 2001 compared with the year-ago period. As Enron was one of the main players in such market manipulation, its energy traders were able to sell power at multiples of normal peak power prices. Subsequent investigations by state and federal officials concluded that power generators and power marketers intentionally withheld electricity to create artificial shortages and increase the cost of power. After the bill was passed, California endured an acute electricity shortage that caused as many as 38 rolling blackouts by June 2001, compared with only one in the six-month period preceding the bill. Despite its name, White can force a more open game by playing 5.d4 and entering the Center Attack variation.In December 2000, a bill that deregulated energy commodity trading in California was passed, allowing Enron to operate an unregulated power auction called EnronOnline that rapidly gained control over a large share of the state’s electricity and natural gas market. The name of this line is an Italian expression that can translate to "soft game" or "slow game," an indication that this variation often leads to positional games. The most popular variation of the Italian Game is the Giuoco Piano, which starts after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5. Below you can see the main variations of this opening. Black's center is not under immediate pressureĪs an opening that has been around since the 1500s, masters studied the Italian Game intensely throughout the ages. ![]() From there, the game can evolve into either tactical or positional struggles. With this opening, White follows the basic opening principles of fighting for the center and taking care of the king's safety. The starting position of the Italian Game. White develops their kingside pieces sensibly, with the knight controlling the center and the bishop attacking the weak f7-pawn through the central d5-square. The Italian Game starts after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4. How To Play Against The Italian Opening.Although very common among beginners, the Italian Game is a part of the repertoire of players of every level. This classical 1.e4 opening can lead to slower and positional games as well as open, tactical battles. The Italian Game is one of the oldest openings in chess and has been around for centuries. ![]()
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